Insecure Direct Object References occur when applications expose internal implementation objects such as files, database entries, or keys directly to users. This vulnerability arises when the application fails to validate user permissions, allowing malicious actors to access resources they should not.
IMDS is a crucial feature provided by AWS that allows EC2 instances to retrieve metadata about themselves. This metadata can include information such as:
Instance ID and type
Security group configurations
Public and private IP addresses
IAM role credentials
User data scripts
IMDS operates over HTTP at a special endpoint (http://169.254.169.254), accessible only from within the instance. While this service is indispensable for automation, configuration, and dynamic management of cloud resources, its improper use or misconfiguration can expose sensitive information, leading to security risks.
Security misconfiguration occurs when system security settings across application stacks—such as servers, databases, and networks—are inadequately implemented or left in their default states. These missteps expose critical vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit.
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Adversaries target hierarchical structures to bypass traditional security measures and establish persistent access. Common tactics include:
Privilege Escalation via Misconfigured Roles
Attackers exploit misconfigured roles to escalate privileges. For instance, a user role intended for basic operations might inadvertently have permissions to modify sensitive configurations.
Manipulation of Resource Dependencies
By tampering with resource dependencies, adversaries can redirect network traffic, inject malicious code, or disrupt critical services.
Creation of Stealthy Backdoors
Sophisticated attackers may create hidden backdoors within less-monitored projects or folders, enabling long-term access without detection.
Exploitation of Orphaned Resources
Orphaned resources—those left behind after an entity is deleted—can be exploited for unauthorised access or data exfiltration.