OS Command Injection occurs when an application dynamically constructs operating system (OS) commands using untrusted inputs, enabling an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the host system. These commands often run with the same privileges as the application, amplifying the potential impact.
Out-of-Bounds Read occurs when a program reads data past the allocated boundary of a buffer. This behaviour typically arises from improper validation of input data or incorrect indexing in memory operations. By exploiting this weakness, attackers can gain unauthorised access to sensitive information, potentially leading to security violations.
Path traversal, also known as directory traversal, is a vulnerability that allows an attacker to access files and directories stored outside the intended directory. By exploiting improper validation of user-supplied input, attackers can manipulate file paths to access sensitive system files, configuration files, or any other data stored on the server.
CSRF is a security vulnerability that tricks a victim into performing unintended actions on a web application where they are authenticated. By exploiting the trust that a website places in the user’s browser, attackers can force users to execute actions without their consent or knowledge.
SQL Injection is a code injection technique that exploits a software vulnerability within the database query layer. This occurs when an application does not properly sanitise or neutralise special elements in SQL statements. Attackers craft malicious inputs to manipulate queries, gaining unauthorised access to databases or manipulating data.