Access control is the process of defining who can access what resources and under what conditions. When these controls are not properly implemented or enforced, it leads to Broken Access Control. This vulnerability allows unauthorised individuals to access sensitive data, modify critical systems, or even take complete control of the infrastructure.
Certificate Transparency is a system designed to provide an open framework for monitoring, auditing, and enforcing the issuance of digital certificates. Introduced by Google in 2013, CT aims to combat the issuance of fraudulent certificates by creating publicly accessible logs that record all certificates issued by Certificate Authorities (CAs). These logs can be monitored by anyone, allowing for greater accountability and transparency in the PKI ecosystem.
Memory scraping malware targets the RAM of a system, as opposed to traditional malware that often targets files or other storage systems. The memory (RAM) is where the most sensitive, transient data resides, such as decrypted payment information and user credentials. RAM scrapers extract this sensitive data directly from running processes or application memory spaces before it can be encrypted or otherwise secured. This makes RAM scraping a particularly effective approach for cybercriminals intent on bypassing typical security measures, such as encrypted storage.
Key recovery attacks refer to attempts by malicious actors to retrieve encryption keys used to secure data within an organisation. By obtaining these keys, attackers can decrypt sensitive information, impersonate legitimate users, or perform unauthorised operations, leading to potential data breaches and other cyber risks. These attacks typically target encryption keys stored insecurely, in compromised systems, or within weakly protected environments.
HTTP Parameter Pollution, or HPP, is a type of web security vulnerability where an attacker manipulates HTTP request parameters to bypass input validation, inject malicious payloads, or alter the intended behaviour of a web application. By injecting additional parameters or manipulating existing ones, attackers can trick the server into processing unintended actions. This form of attack can lead to a range of exploits, including SQL injections, cross-site scripting (XSS), and even unauthorised access.