Hard-coded credentials refer to embedding authentication information such as usernames, passwords, API keys, or cryptographic keys directly into the source code. Developers might do this for convenience, testing, or quick deployment. However, these credentials often remain in production, creating vulnerabilities.
CWE-119 pertains to scenarios where software operations exceed the allocated memory buffer’s boundaries, leading to buffer overflows. This flaw can result in various adverse consequences, including data corruption, application crashes, and security vulnerabilities exploitable by attackers. A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a memory buffer exceeds its storage capacity, potentially overwriting adjacent memory locations.
CWE-94, or Code Injection, occurs when a software application improperly controls the input used in generating code. This vulnerability allows attackers to inject malicious code, which the application subsequently compiles or interprets. The injected code can execute unintended commands, compromise data integrity, and even provide attackers with full control over the system.
At its core, CWE-434 occurs when an application fails to restrict file uploads to safe and intended file types. This weakness allows attackers to upload malicious files, potentially executing arbitrary code, accessing sensitive data, or gaining unauthorised access to the system.
SQL Injection is a code injection technique that exploits a software vulnerability within the database query layer. This occurs when an application does not properly sanitise or neutralise special elements in SQL statements. Attackers craft malicious inputs to manipulate queries, gaining unauthorised access to databases or manipulating data.