An IoT replay attack occurs when a malicious actor intercepts communication between IoT devices and replays this data to execute unauthorised actions. These attacks can exploit weaknesses in communication protocols, allowing the attacker to impersonate a legitimate user, manipulate data, or gain unauthorised access to sensitive information.
IoT ransomware operates similarly to traditional ransomware but targets IoT devices instead of conventional endpoints like computers or servers. Once IoT ransomware gains access to an IoT device, it can:
Internet routing attacks occur when attackers manipulate routing protocols, particularly BGP, to hijack or redirect traffic. Given that BGP is a decentralised protocol, it is vulnerable to trust-based manipulations where network operators accept routing announcements from each other. Routing attacks fall into several categories, including IP prefix hijacking, route leaking, and BGP miscreants-in-the-middle attacks. These attacks can lead to severe consequences, from data theft to the disruption of critical services.
### Key Types of Routing Attacks:
– **IP Prefix Hijacking**: An attacker announces IP prefixes belonging to another network, causing traffic to reroute to the attacker’s network.
– **Route Leaking**: Misconfigurations or malicious intent cause traffic to route through unintended paths, often exposing it to interception.
– **BGP Miscreants-in-the-Middle Attacks**: By positioning themselves within the routing path, attackers can intercept or alter data without the sender’s or recipient’s knowledge.
Insecure deserialisation refers to a scenario where an application deserialises data without validating its integrity or origin. This process, if compromised, can allow attackers to inject code, manipulate data, or trigger unintended operations within an application. For example, if an attacker injects crafted data into the deserialisation process, they could potentially gain control over the application server, extract sensitive information, or cause service disruptions.
At its core, **accretion** refers to a gradual increase in value over time. In finance, this concept manifests across several domains, such as:
1. **Accounting:** Recognising the incremental growth of revenues or assets.
2. **Bonds:** Capturing the capital gains as discounted bonds approach maturity.
3. **Corporate Finance:** Measuring the incremental value generated from mergers and acquisitions (M&A).