AI agents are autonomous or semi-autonomous software programmes that perceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions to achieve defined goals. Unlike traditional software, which follows static instructions, AI agents adapt, learn, and optimise over time.
Insecure Direct Object References occur when applications expose internal implementation objects such as files, database entries, or keys directly to users. This vulnerability arises when the application fails to validate user permissions, allowing malicious actors to access resources they should not.
IMDS is a crucial feature provided by AWS that allows EC2 instances to retrieve metadata about themselves. This metadata can include information such as:
Instance ID and type
Security group configurations
Public and private IP addresses
IAM role credentials
User data scripts
IMDS operates over HTTP at a special endpoint (http://169.254.169.254), accessible only from within the instance. While this service is indispensable for automation, configuration, and dynamic management of cloud resources, its improper use or misconfiguration can expose sensitive information, leading to security risks.
Security misconfiguration occurs when system security settings across application stacks—such as servers, databases, and networks—are inadequately implemented or left in their default states. These missteps expose critical vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit.
In today’s digital world, cybersecurity is no longer just an IT issue—it’s a business issue. CEOs must understand that effective cybersecurity is directly linked to a company’s success, reputation, and long-term viability. A well-informed CEO is critical to driving a strong cybersecurity posture within the organisation.